OREANDA-NEWS Scientists have found that laser-induced graphene (LIG) can protect against “biofouling,” the buildup of microorganisms, plants, or other biological material on wet surfaces. In addition, the team also found that, when the material is electrified, it also kills bacteria.

LIG is a spongy version of graphene, the single-atom layer of carbon atoms. The Rice University lab of chemist James Tour developed it three years ago by burning partway through an inexpensive polyimide sheet with a laser, which turned the surface into a lattice of interconnected graphene sheets. The researchers have since suggested uses for the material in wearable electronics and fuel cells and for superhydrophobic or superhydrophilic surfaces.

“This form of graphene is extremely resistant to biofilm formation, which has promise for places like water-treatment plants, oil-drilling operations, hospitals, and ocean applications like underwater pipes that are sensitive to fouling,” says Tour, a professor of computer science as well as of materials science and nanoengineering, whose team’s report appears in ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. "The antibacterial qualities when electricity is applied is a great additional benefit".

In the top row, the growth of biofilm on surfaces with a solution containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa is observed on, from left, polyimide, graphite, and laser-induced graphene surfaces. Green, red, and blue represent live bacteria, dead bacteria and extracellular polymeric substances, respectively. At bottom, a sheet of polyimide burned on the left to leave laser-induced graphene shows the graphene surface nearly free of growth. (Credit: Arnusch Lab/Ben-Gurion University of the Negev).

When used as electrodes with a small applied voltage, LIG becomes the bacterial equivalent of a backyard bug zapper. Tests without the charge confirmed what has long been known—that graphene-based nanoparticles have antibacterial properties. When 1.1 to 2.5 volts were applied, the highly conductive LIG electrodes “greatly enhanced” those properties.

Under the microscope, the researchers watched as fluorescently tagged Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in a solution with LIG electrodes above 1.1 volts were drawn toward the anode. Above 1.5 volts, the cells began to disappear and vanished completely within 30 seconds. At 2.5 volts, bacteria disappeared almost completely from the surface after one second.

The lab partnered with Professor Christopher Arnusch, a lecturer at the Ben-Gurion University Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research who specializes in water purification. Arnusch’s lab tested LIG electrodes in a bacteria-laden solution with 10 percent secondary treated wastewater and found that after nine hours at 2.5 volts, 99.9 percent of the bacteria were killed and the electrodes strongly resisted biofilm formation.

The researchers suspect bacteria may meet their demise through a combination of contact with the rough surface of LIG, the electrical charge, and toxicity from localized production of hydrogen peroxide. The contact may be something like a knee hitting pavement, but in this case, the bacteria are all knee and the sharp graphene edges quickly destroy their membranes.

Fortunately, LIG’s anti-fouling properties keep dead bacteria from accumulating on the surface, Tour says.

“The combination of passive biofouling inhibition and active voltage-induced microbial removal will likely make this a highly sought-after material for inhibiting the growth of troublesome natural fouling that plagues many industries,” Tour says.

Other authors include researchers from Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and Rice University. The United States−Israel Binational Science Foundation, the Canadian Associates of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Quebec Region, the Israel Science Foundation, the Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and its Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative supported the research.