OREANDA-NEWS. November 24, 2015. Scientists at the University of Texas at Austin, IBM Research (NYSE: IBM), New York University and the California Institute of Technology have been awarded the 2015 Gordon Bell Prize for realistically simulating the forces inside the Earth that drive plate tectonics. The team’s work could herald a major step toward better understanding of earthquakes and volcanic activity.

The accomplishment was made using advanced algorithms running on the “Sequoia” IBM BlueGene/Q located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, one of the fastest supercomputers in the world. 

The award-winning research team developed innovative algorithms for a mathematical approach called an “implicit solver” to realistically simulate Earth features at unprecedented resolution and accuracy. The team was able to predict the motions of the Earth’s plates and the forces acting on them while also simulating the flow of mantle.  Remarkably, the simulation involved more than 600 billion nonlinear equations, a major milestone in computational science and engineering

The simulations were performed on Sequoia, which consists of 96 IBM BlueGene/Q racks, reaching a theoretical peak performance of 20.1 petaflops. Each rack consists of 1,024 computer nodes, hosting 16 core POWER processor chips designed for Big Data computations that are running at 1.6 GHz.

The team’s code reached an unprecedented 97 percent parallel efficiency in scaling the solver to 1.6 million cores, a new world record. This milestone was achieved by rethinking the end-to-end computational framework, from the mathematical model to the numerical algorithms to the massively parallel implementation. The team devised a numerical algorithm that could tackle the vast range of scales present in Earth’s mantle while also mapping efficiently to the massively parallel architecture of the BlueGene/Q supercomputer.

“These advances will open the door to addressing such fundamental questions as what are the main drivers of plate motion and what are the key processes governing the occurrence of great earthquakes,” said Prof. Michael Gurnis, Director of the Seismological Laboratory at the California Institute of Technology.

“While the conventional view was that efficiently solving highly nonlinear equations on millions of cores would be intractable, we demonstrated that with careful redesign of discretization, algorithms, solvers and implementation, it would be possible,” said Prof. Georg Stadler of New York University’s Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.

“This work has application to a much broader class of models in science and engineering involving complex multiscale behavior,” said Omar Ghattas, Director of the Center for Computational Geosciences at the Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and Professor of Geological Sciences and of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin.

Despite being an underlying cause for devastating earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis, many of the fundamental principles behind the flow of the mantle remain a mystery to scientists. In fact, understanding this “mantle convection” has been designated as one of the "10 Grand Research Questions in Earth Sciences" by the U.S. National Academies.

“We are only beginning to demonstrate how the combination of advanced algorithms, supercomputing and Big Data drawn from sensors and the Internet of Things can realistically simulate the most extreme nonlinear, heterogeneous forces of nature”, said Costas Bekas, manager of Foundations of Cognitive Solutions, IBM Research - Zurich. “We are exploring new ways to apply the availability of tremendous amounts of field sensor data and cognitive computing to a topic and then enable practitioners to reduce the time to solution from years to weeks and even days for everything from inventing a new material to discovering an untapped source of energy.”

Authors of the paper detailing the work include:

·    Johann Rudi - The University of Texas at Austin

·    Cristiano I. Malossi - IBM Corporation

·    Tobin Isaac - The University of Texas at Austin

·    Georg Stadler – New York University

·    Michael Gurnis - California Institute of Technology

·    Peter W. J. Staar - IBM Corporation

·    Yves Ineichen - IBM Corporation

·    Costas Bekas - IBM Corporation

·    Alessandro Curioni - IBM Corporation

·    Omar Ghattas - The University of Texas at Austin

IBM scientists have now been awarded the Gordon Bell Prize six times, most recently in 2013.

The team’s research was reported in the SC15 paper “An Extreme-Scale Implicit Solver for Complex PDEs: Highly Heterogeneous Flow in Earth’s Mantle.” The paper is available from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=2807591.2807675

About the Gordon Bell Prize

The Gordon Bell Prize recognizes the extraordinary progress made each year in the innovative application of parallel computing to challenges in science, engineering, and large-scale data analytics. Prizes may be awarded for peak performance or special achievements in scalability and time-to-solution on important science and engineering problems. Financial support of the \\$10,000 prize is made possible by Gordon Bell, a pioneer in high-performance and parallel computing.

About IBM Research

Now in its 70th year, IBM Research continues to define the future of information technology with more than 3,000 researchers in 12 labs located across six continents. Scientists from IBM Research have produced six Nobel Laureates, 10 U.S. National Medals of Technology, five U.S. National Medals of Science, six Turing Awards, six Gordon Bell Prizes, 19 inductees in the National Academy of Sciences and 20 inductees into the U.S. National Inventors Hall of Fame –the most of any company. For more information, please visit www.research.ibm.com