Quantum Key Distribution Achieved from Single-Photon Emitter at World-Record Distance
These results were generated using an optical fiber quantum key distribution (QKD) system that was newly developed by the three parties. The new system is comprised of two key components. One is a high-purity quantum dot (*3) single-photon emitter operating in the 1.5?m band, which reduces the occurrence of simultaneous multi-photon emissions, one of the major limiting factors for long-distance QKD, to one in a million. The other is an optical-fiber-based QKD system optimized for use with single-photon emitters by employing superconducting single-photon detectors (*4) with ultra-low-noise characteristics. This single-photon QKD system, which simplifies system operations and management, has now achieved a transmission distance of 120 km. It is expected that this system will bring significant momentum to achieving secure communications that are impossible to eavesdrop on and that cover major metropolitan areas.
The first report on these results was published online on the website of the journal Scientific Reports on September 25.
This research and development effort has been carried out under the program for the "Formation of Innovation Center for Fusion of Advanced Technologies" as part of the Project for Developing Innovation Systems of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).
Background and Technological Challenges
QKD is a technology that uses individual photons (i.e. particles of light) to convey information, enabling two parties to share a cryptographic key. If an eavesdropper tries to steal the key information on the transmission line, it results in changes to the states of the photons in accordance with the basic principles of quantum mechanics. Since any eavesdropping can therefore be detected, it enables completely secure communications.
In QKD, a device known as a single-photon emitter is required to generate photons one at a time. Until now, however, most QKD systems have used attenuated laser light as a pseudo single-photon emitter. But with pseudo single-photon emitters, there is a high probability that they will emit two or more photons in a single pulse, meaning that the risk that an eavesdropper will steal key information from a portion of the multiple photons cannot be eliminated. To address this problem, one widely used method to detect eavesdropping is to artificially mix optical pulses with different intensities (decoy states). With this method, however, both the transmitter setup and the key extraction process become complicated, and the other problem occurs that excessive attention is required in managing and operating the system in order to maintain security.
If the pseudo single-photon emitter can be replaced with a true one, the setup of a QKD system can be greatly simplified, so that the high level of security guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics can be attained. In conventional QKD systems with quantum dot single-photon emitters, however, there are two problems. One is the high probability of generating unwanted multiple photons from a single-photon emitter. The other is high background noise when detecting single photons by using semiconductor detectors. Because of the impact of these two problems, even when using the 1.5?m band, which is advantageous for long distance transmissions, the maximum distance for secure key distribution was limited to 50 km. Therefore, to create a practical QKD system using a single-photon emitter, performance improvements were needed, both in the light source and on the system side.
The New Research Results
The collaboration involving the University of Tokyo, Fujitsu Laboratories, and NEC has now developed an optical fiber QKD system comprised of two key components. One is a high-purity quantum dot single-photon emitter operating in the 1.5?m band, which reduces the occurrence of simultaneous multi-photon emissions, one of the major limiting factors for long-distance QKD, to one in a million. The other is an optical-fiber-based QKD system optimized for use with single-photon emitters by employing superconducting single-photon detectors with ultra-low-noise characteristics. Using this system with a single-photon emitter, the partners have verified secure key distribution at a world-record distance of 120 km, twice the previous longest distance (figure 1). This success was primarily based on the development of the following two technologies:
- High-Purity Single-Photon Emitter Operating in the 1.5?m Band
Single photons in the 1.5?m band are generated by illuminating (exciting) a quantum dot placed in a so-called "optical horn structure" (*5). The wavelength of the excitation pulse is tuned to the appropriate energy level of a quantum dot (figure 2). If the time duration of the excitation pulse is long, there is a greater chance of two or more photons being emitted per each excitation. This time, however, using dispersion-compensation technology, the temporal width of the illuminating light was compressed, so as to obtain shorter excitation pulses (see the yellow part of figure 3). By doing so, the probability of emitting multiple photons per one pulse was reduced to one in a million, resulting in the successful creation of a high-purity single-photon emitter having the world's highest performance. - QKD System Optimized for Single-Photon Emitters Using Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors
Using a low-loss interference system optimized to a communications-wavelength band single-photon emitter that uses a planar lightwave circuit as a platform, which has good practicality proven in operation in the Tokyo QKD Network (*6), the researchers built a practical single-photon QKD system that is insensitive to changes in temperature or tensile force that exist in actual optical fiber networks. In addition, by using a new superconducting single-photon detector with ultra-low-noise properties, they created a long-distance QKD system (figure 4).
Future Plans
Based on these results, the researchers will work on making the single-photon QKD system more compact and faster, with the aim of rolling out from 2020 highly secure communications for major urban centers.
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Glossary and Notes
- (*1) Quantum key distribution
Secret communications where a sender and receiver can safely share a private key by taking advantage of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics can make it possible to detect the act of eavesdropping, allowing for a secure key distribution that is proven by physical principles. - (*2) Single-photon emitter
A non-classical light source capable of emitting a light pulse containing just a single photon at the desired timing. This can be achieved by quantum dots, atoms, or ions having discrete energy levels. - (*3) Quantum dot
A nanometer-sized semiconductor crystal that can confine an electron in three dimensions. When an electron is confined in this nanocrystal, the electron density of states is completely discrete. This has previously been applied to lasers, optical amplifiers, and single-photon emitters. In 1982, Professors Yasuhiko Arakawa and Hiroyuki Sakaki put forward the general concept of quantum dots. - (*4) Superconducting single-photon detector
An optical detector that uses the phenomenon of the destruction of electrical superconductivity by light absorption. They are far superior in performance to single-photon detectors using existing semiconductors, having sufficient sensitivity for single photons, and low noise (dark count rate), high quantum efficiency, and high temporal resolution. Rapid technological progress has been reported in recent years. - (*5) Optical horn structure
A parabolic-shaped semiconductor microscopic structure. Typically, because there is a large difference in the refractive index at the interface between a semiconductor's matrix material and vacuum, most photons generated from the quantum dots are totally reflected, and the percentage of photons that can be emitted is less than 1%. By instead using this interface's total reflection with an optical horn structure, single photons are able to be emitted in one direction from quantum dots with much higher efficiency. - (*6) Tokyo QKD Network
A field trial optical network, which the National Institute of Information and Communications (NICT) brought into operation in October 2010 for the purpose of bringing QKD in to practical application. QKD systems developed by NEC and other companies are installed in four hubs located in Tokyo's Otemachi Koganei, Hakusan, and Hongo, and reliability and performance evaluations are performed at transmission distances ranging from 10 km to 90 km.
Figure 1. QKD Results
Figure 2. Electron microscope image of the optical horn structure with InAs quantum dot, and a schematic diagram of single-photon generation by optical excitation
Figure 3. Newly Developed High-Purity Single-Photon Emitter Operating in the 1.5?m Band
Figure 4. Newly developed long-distance QKD system
About Fujitsu
Fujitsu is the leading Japanese information and communication technology (ICT) company, offering a full range of technology products, solutions, and services. Approximately 159,000 Fujitsu people support customers in more than 100 countries. We use our experience and the power of ICT to shape the future of society with our customers. Fujitsu Limited (TSE: 6702) reported consolidated revenues of 4.8 trillion yen (US\\$40 billion) for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2015. For more information, please see http://www.fujitsu.com.
About The University of Tokyo
The University of Tokyo was established in 1877 as the first national university in Japan. As a leading research university, the University of Tokyo offers courses in essentially all academic disciplines at both undergraduate and graduate levels and conducts research across the full spectrum of academic activity. The university aims to provide its students with a rich and varied academic environment that ensures opportunities for both intellectual development and the acquisition of professional knowledge and skills.
The University of Tokyo is known for the excellence of its faculty and students and ever since its foundation many of its graduates have gone on to become leaders in government, business, and the academic world. For more information, please see: http://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/index_e.html.
About Fujitsu Laboratories
Founded in 1968 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Fujitsu Limited, Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. is one of the premier research centers in the world. With a global network of laboratories in Japan, China, the United States and Europe, the organization conducts a wide range of basic and applied research in the areas of Next-generation Services, Computer Servers, Networks, Electronic Devices and Advanced Materials. For more information, please see: http://jp.fujitsu.com/labs/en.
About NEC Corporation
NEC Corporation is a leader in the integration of IT and network technologies that benefit businesses and people around the world. By providing a combination of products and solutions that cross utilize the company's experience and global resources, NEC's advanced technologies meet the complex and ever-changing needs of its customers. NEC brings more than 100 years of expertise in technological innovation to empower people, businesses and society. For more information, visit NEC at http://www.nec.com.
Based on its Mid-term Management Plan 2015, the NEC Group globally provides "Solutions for Society" that promote the safety, security, efficiency and equality of society. Under the company's corporate message of "Orchestrating a brighter world," NEC aims to help solve a wide range of challenging issues and to create new social value for the changing world of tomorrow. For more information, please visit http://www.nec.com/en/global/about/solutionsforsociety/message.html.
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